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Several short articles/links on Sanitation
SANITATION, NOT VACCINATION THE TRUE Protection against Small-Pox A Paper read before the Second International Congress of Anti-Vaccinators
Index: More articles on Smallpox Sanitation Vs. Vaccination - The Origin of Smallpox & causes. www.mercola.com
Some Facts to preface quotes on Sanitation: ... By advocating safer, alternative treatments,
people's health and welfare will only improve. If we examine orthodox
treatments we will find that up to 20% of admissions to hospitals are caused by
iatrogenesis, that is, doctor induced problems. Most orthodox treatments have
not been proven scientifically. Prof. J. Garrow was quoted in the Australian
Doctor's Weekly (28 June 91) as saying that 65% of conventional medical
treatment was not proven. The U.S. Congress publication, "Assessing the
efficacy and safety of medical technologies" (1978) quoted 80% to 90% as
being unproved. When there were doctor's strikes in the U.S., Israel and
Colombia, death rates fell. A study by J. and S. McKinlay of Boston University,
concluded that only up to 3.5% of the decline in disease was due to medical
measures. I think that the medical establishment has over-estimated its
usefulness... (end of quote?) http://www.cleaninglink.com/Cleaning_Library/history_of_sanitation.htm Following article taken from: A Brief History Of Cleaning Today, we know that sanitation makes a tremendous contribution to preventing disease and keeping people healthy. But is wasn't always that way. Throughout most of our history, sanitation practices were practically nonexistent. Yet the history of sanitation dates back at least 7.000 years, to the Babylonians, Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans.
7,000 YEARS AGO
2,000 YEARS AGO
THE ROMAN EMPIRE
MEDIEVAL TIMES
19TH. CENTURY https://web.archive.org/web/20001012213629/http://www.op.net/~uarts/krupa/alltextparis.html
Paris: Urban Sanitation Before the 20th Century
A History of Invisible Infrastructure
by Frederique Krupa
Built on the ruins of the Roman city of Lutecia, Paris was officially founded in 360 AD.
Its evolution was defined by a succession of fortified walls that surrounded its ever expanding
territory well into the 19th Century.
Since ancient times, the basic rule for dealing with Parisian garbage was "tout-a-la-rue" --
all in the street -- including household waste, urine, feces
and even fetuses. Larger items were frequently thrown into
"no-man's-land" over the city wall or into the Seine. Feces, however, was often collected to
be used as fertilizer. Parisian dirt streets easily assimilated the refuse thanks to frequent
rain and heavy pedestrian and cart traffic. The edible muck was often consumed by pigs and
wild dogs, and the rest was consumed by microorganisms. The smell of the rotting matter was
terrible but by no means the only contribution to the odors found in Paris.
The history of waste treatment in Paris was not
unlike those of other major industrialized cities. Response to the accumulation of refuse
generally occurs when problems become too urgent to ignore. Paris's enormous production of
urban refuse household and manufacturing garbage, human and animal excrements, human corpses
and animal carcasses - produced gradual solutions in the form of cesspools, gutters,
waterworks, sewers,
street cleaning ordinances, fountains, garbage collection, dumps, bathhouses, bathrooms, street
urinals, sewerage farming, composting, mass graves, cemeteries and catacombs, intertwined and
influenced by the political and philosophical ideas of the times. This site will tackle four
waste management topics -- sanitation, sewerage, garbage and corpses -- in chronological order
starting with the medieval times and ending with the end of the 19th century, when most of the
current waste management methods were implemented.
Background information London had had sewers for centuries but they only carried surface water.
Excrement went into the cesspit under the house or in the garden, and
was - in theory - regularly emptied. There was a system for rubbish
collection, but somehow there were always dead dogs and cats, and food
refuse, and an overwhelming amount of animal faeces in the streets. Water had to be bought from watercarriers unless you were so poor that
you collected your own from the river or one of the few public wells, or
so rich that you subscribed to a private water company such as the New
River. Their mains were made of elm trunks, and the domestic supply pipes
were lead. The supply ran only a few hours at a time, so you had to store
your water in lead tanks. No wonder it tasted foul, but it sufficed for
boiling meat, and for very limited personal ablutions
(Samuel Pepys was sure he caught a cold by washing his feet).
Household washing used lyre made from ashes and urine.
"Believe nothing, no matter where you read it, or who said it -
even if I have said it - unless it agrees with your own reason and
your own common sense."
"There is no question that our health has improved spectacularly
in the past century. One thing seems certain: it did not happen
because of medicine, or medical science, or even the presence of doctors.
"Much of the credit should go to the plumbers and engineers
of the western world. The contamination of drinking water by
human feces was at one time the greatest cause of human disease
and death for us...(but) when the plumbers and sanitary engineers
had done their work in the construction of our cities, these
diseases began to vanish. "
- Lewis Thomas (medical researcher and essayist)
"What the world's poorest one billion need more than doctors, good roads,
the Internet and even electricity, is quality drinking water and safe sewage
disposal.
Society is nothing without good plumbing."
"An excellent plumber is infinitely more admirable
than an incompetent philosopher.
The society that scorns excellence in plumbing just because plumbing is a humble
activity,
and tolerates shoddiness in philosophy because it is an exalted activity,
will have neither good plumbing nor good philosophy.
Interesting History
Next time you are washing your hands and complain because the water
temperature isn't just how you like it, think about how things used to
be....Here are some facts about the 1500s:
Most people got married in June because they took their yearly bath in May
and still smelled pretty good by June. However, they were starting to smell
so brides carried a bouquet of flowers to hide the body odor. Baths
consisted of a big tub filled with hot water. The man of the house had the
privilege of the nice clean water, then all the other sons and men, then
the women and finally the children-last of all the babies. By then the water
was so dirty you could actually lose someone in it-hence the saying, "Don't
throw the baby out with the bath water."
Houses had thatched roofs -- thick straw -- piled high, with no wood
underneath. It was the only place for animals to get warm, so all the dogs,
cats and other small animals (mice, bugs) lived in the roof. When it rained
it became slippery and sometimes the animals would slip and fall off the
roof -- hence the saying "It's raining cats and dogs."
There was nothing to stop things from falling into the house. This posed a
real problem in the bedroom where bugs and other droppings could really mess
up your nice clean bed. Hence, a bed with big posts and a sheet hung over
the top afforded some protection. That's how canopy beds came into
existence.
The floor was dirt. Only the wealthy had something other than dirt hence
the saying "dirt poor." The wealthy had slate floors that would get slippery
in the winter when wet, so they spread thresh (straw) on the floor to help
keep their footing. As the winter wore on, they kept adding more thresh
until when you opened the door it would all start slipping outside. A piece
of wood was placed in the entranceway -- hence, a "thresh hold."
In those old days, they cooked in the kitchen with a big kettle that always
hung over the fire. Every day they lit the fire and added things to the pot.
They ate mostly vegetables and did not get much meat. They would eat the
stew for dinner, leaving leftovers in the pot to get cold overnight and then
start over the next day. Sometimes the stew had food in it that had been
there for quite a while -- hence the rhyme, "peas porridge hot, peas
porridge cold, peas porridge in the pot nine days old."
Sometimes they could obtain pork, which made them feel quite special. When
visitors came over, they would hang up their bacon to show off. It was a
sign of wealth that a man "could bring home the bacon." They would cut off
a little to share with guests and would all sit around and "chew the fat."
Those with money had plates made of pewter. Food with a high acid content
caused some of the lead to leach onto the food, causing lead poisoning and
death. This happened most often with tomatoes, so for the next 400 years or
so, tomatoes were considered poisonous. Most people did not have pewter
plates, but had trenchers, a piece of wood with the middle scooped out like
a bowl. Often trenchers were made from stale bread which was so old and
hard that they could be used for quite some time. Trenchers were never
washed and a lot of times worms and mold got into the wood and old bread.
After eating off wormy, moldy trenchers, one would get "trench mouth."
Bread was divided according to status. Workers got the burnt bottom of the
loaf, the family got the middle, and guests got the top, or "uppercrust."
Lead cups were used to drink ale or whiskey. The combination would
sometimes knock them out for a couple of days. Someone walking along the
road would take them for dead and prepare them for burial. They were laid
out on the kitchen table for a couple of days and the family would gather
around and eat and drink and wait and see if they would wake up -- hence
the custom of holding a "wake."
England is old and small and the local folks started running out of places
to bury people. So they would dig up coffins and would take the bones to a
"bone-house" and reuse the grave. When reopening these coffins, 1 out of 25
coffins were found to have scratch marks on the inside and they realized
they had been burying people alive. So they thought they would tie a string
on the wrist of the corpse, lead it through the coffin and up through the
ground and tie it to a bell. Someone would have to sit out in the graveyard
all night (the "graveyard shift") to listen for the bell; thus, someone
could be "saved by the bell" or was considered a "dead ringer."
And that's the truth...(and whoever said that History was boring?) |